An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a high-gain integrated circuit designed to amplify the voltage difference between two inputs. In Chapter 1, Gayakwad details the typical internal architecture: Input Stage : A dual-input, balanced-output differential amplifier. Intermediate Stage : Provides additional voltage gain. Level Translator : Corrects DC offsets between stages. Output Stage
: Usually a push-pull complementary symmetry pair to increase voltage swing and current capability. Feedback and Configurations An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a high-gain integrated