Any useful report on welfare must start here. These freedoms, developed by the Farm Animal Welfare Council, apply to all pets:
Neglect is the most common form of animal cruelty. It is often passive: a chain too short, water frozen in a bowl, nails curled into paw pads, or a cat confined to a crate for 20 hours a day. Most jurisdictions have laws requiring "adequate" care, but adequate is a floor, not a ceiling. If you witness an animal without access to shade, clean water, or shelter from extreme weather, that is a legal and moral emergency. Any useful report on welfare must start here
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