Стандарт GSM, название которого расшифровывается как «GSM for Railroad», т.е. GSM для железных дорог, создан на основе самого распространенного в мире стандарта сухопутной (сотовой) подвижной радиосвязи GSM в рамках программ EIRENE (European Integrated Railway radio Enchanced Network) и MORANE(Mobile Radio for Railways Networks in Europe).
Implementing best practices for loading, carriage, and discharge to promote maritime safety.
The catalyst for Model Course 1.45 was the IMO’s adoption of Resolution MSC.428(98) in 2017, which mandated that Safety Management Systems (SMS) should address cyber risk management by the first annual verification of the Document of Compliance after January 1, 2021. This resolution acknowledged a critical gap: while physical safety and pollution prevention were rigorously regulated, cyber risks were largely unaddressed. The industry needed a practical, standardized training solution.
Course 1.45 is not a "tanker-specific" pollution course. It is a generic awareness course for all seafarers on all vessel types—container ships, bulk carriers, cruise liners, and offshore vessels.
Implementing best practices for loading, carriage, and discharge to promote maritime safety.
The catalyst for Model Course 1.45 was the IMO’s adoption of Resolution MSC.428(98) in 2017, which mandated that Safety Management Systems (SMS) should address cyber risk management by the first annual verification of the Document of Compliance after January 1, 2021. This resolution acknowledged a critical gap: while physical safety and pollution prevention were rigorously regulated, cyber risks were largely unaddressed. The industry needed a practical, standardized training solution. imo model course 1.45
Course 1.45 is not a "tanker-specific" pollution course. It is a generic awareness course for all seafarers on all vessel types—container ships, bulk carriers, cruise liners, and offshore vessels. Implementing best practices for loading
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