was written during a tumultuous period in Iranian history. Reza Shah Pahlavi’s regime had aggressively pushed Westernization, secular education, and the unveiling of women (Kashf-e hijab). Many clerics were silenced or exiled. In response, the young Ayatollah Khomeini wrote this 300-page book to answer a specific pamphlet titled Asrar-e Hazar Saleh (Secrets of a Thousand Years), which attacked the clergy.
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Khomeini used incredibly strong and aggressive language to criticize early historical figures in Islam, leading to deep sectarian friction with Sunni Muslims. Anti-Modernism: was written during a tumultuous period in Iranian history
), which criticized traditional Shia practices and clerical influence. Key Themes & Controversy In response, the young Ayatollah Khomeini wrote this
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