| Pitfall | Consequence | Solution | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Using instantaneous peak vs. averaged demand | Over-sizing transformers and paying for non-existent peaks | Always set meter to 15/30-min averaging | | Ignoring motor starting currents | Breaker nuisance trips | Use staggered starting or VFDs | | Forgetting seasonal loads (summer AC, winter heating) | MD exceeded in summer, under-contracted | Perform 4-season load study | | Assuming unity power factor | kVA demand hidden, leading to utility penalties | Install permanent PF meter | | Applying diversity factors blindly | Either under or over-sized system | Validate with real clamp meter readings |

Follow this process when designing a new electrical system.

: Determining demand based on a fixed protective device (like a circuit breaker) that limits the total available current to a specific value.

[ MD = \sum (Individual\ Peak\ Demands \times Coincidence\ Factor) ]

Maximum Demand Calculation [patched]

| Pitfall | Consequence | Solution | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Using instantaneous peak vs. averaged demand | Over-sizing transformers and paying for non-existent peaks | Always set meter to 15/30-min averaging | | Ignoring motor starting currents | Breaker nuisance trips | Use staggered starting or VFDs | | Forgetting seasonal loads (summer AC, winter heating) | MD exceeded in summer, under-contracted | Perform 4-season load study | | Assuming unity power factor | kVA demand hidden, leading to utility penalties | Install permanent PF meter | | Applying diversity factors blindly | Either under or over-sized system | Validate with real clamp meter readings |

Follow this process when designing a new electrical system. maximum demand calculation

: Determining demand based on a fixed protective device (like a circuit breaker) that limits the total available current to a specific value. | Pitfall | Consequence | Solution | |

[ MD = \sum (Individual\ Peak\ Demands \times Coincidence\ Factor) ] [ MD = \sum (Individual\ Peak\ Demands \times